This paper presents an empirical study to investigate different factors for commercializing ideas in food industry. The study uses structural equation modeling, by designing a questionnaire in Likert scale, and distributes it among 218 randomly selected experts in food industry in city of Tehran, Iran. Cronbach alpha has been calculated as 0.864, which is well above the acceptable level. The study uses structural equation modeling as well as some descriptive tests to examine the hypotheses of the survey. The results confirm that management of ideas, the feasibility of the ideas, market research and advocacy strategies influence the most on commercializing ideas in food industry.

The novel ?-phosphorus labile ylide of 1-(p-tolyl)-2-(tri-p-tolylphosphoranylidene)ethanone (PTTPPY) is prepared by the reaction of 2-bromo-1-(p-tolyl)ethanone with tri-p-tolylphosphine in chloroform as solvent. The complexes of the type [HgX2(p-tolyl)3PCHCOC6H4CH3)] (X = Cl, Br and I) are prepared by the reaction of title ylide with mercury(II) halides in good yields, using methanol as solvent. The final products were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR spectroscopic methods and microanalysis.

This paper considers an inventory control policy for a two-echelon inventory control system with one supplier-one buyer. We consider the case of deteriorating items which lead to shortage in supply chain. Therefore, it is necessary to decrease the deterioration rate by adding some specification to the packaging of these items that is known as active packaging. Although this packaging can reduce the deteriorating rate of products, but may be increases the cost of both supplier and buyer. Because of the complexity of the mathematical model, a genetic algorithm has been developed to determine the best policy of this inventory control system.

In recent years, clients often employ multiple contractors to implement different activities of the projects. Each contractor manages and implements a subset of activities according to the deter-mined schedule and payments. In this situation, time/cost trade-off problem becomes a distributed decision making problem in which the client, as leader, and the contractors, as followers, pursue their own objectives. We establish a multi-objective, bi-level distributed programming model based on fuzzy mathematical programming for this time/cost trade-off problem. The model is then developed for three common behaviors of client i.e. profit seeking, minimization of project time, as well as combination of profit seeking and minimization of project time behaviors. As the solution approaches, we propose transformation method based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condi-tions projects to transform bi-level programming problem to a single level one. Numerical results reveal that the client’s behaviors have measurable impact on time and cost of activities performed by contractors. Moreover, we found that when the client does not have complete information about the contractors’ financial situations, the client should make trade-off between his confidence level and his profit.

During the last decades, environmental crises through energy consumption and economic growth were noticed as a growing concern among researchers. The industrial sector is the main part of economic growth in each country using conservative energy and emitting carbon dioxide that causes global warming. The Paris agreement and Kyoto protocol were two agreements to prevent governments from emitting CO2 freely. Purpose of this research was to investigate the cement industry, steel industry, and automobile industry products’ effects on CO2 emissions in Iran and to rank them according to their measured effects on CO2 emissions. The methodology used in this study was to estimate equations with CO2 emissions as a dependent variable and cement, steel, and automobile industries’ products with ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized moment method (GMM) approaches. Stationary, Johansen cointegration, Durbin-Watson, Breusch-Godfrey, Chow breakpoint, and normal residual tests were checked. In-sample forecasting was implemented to check the precision of the estimation and an updated ranking was reported as a final result to consider which industry has affected CO2 emissions more than the others per unit of production cost. In conclusion, the cement industry, steel industry, and automobile industry had the most positive effects on CO2 emissions, respectively. This result is suitable to prioritize the industries for enhancing green technology and optimizing industrial production for a more sustainable economy.

In recent years, there have been significant changes on governmental agencies than any other organizations. There is also an agreement that any improvement on economy requires an efficient government. Governments must be responsive against their people and society but there are evidences that many governmental agencies are not able to meet people’s needs despite access to financial resources because of lack of entrepreneurial approach. This paper presents an empirical investigation to study the role of entrepreneurship governmental groups on macro-economic strategies. The study uses structural equation modeling, by designing a questionnaire in Likert scale, and distributes it among 384 randomly selected university professors in city of Tehran, Iran. The results confirm that technology-based economy, creative human resources and training, competition in the economic environment, knowledge creation, dissemination and application and promoting a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship influence positively on entrepreneurship governmental groups. In addition, the positive effects of entrepreneurship governmental groups on national commitment and management are confirmed.

In this work, acidity constants protonated form of 4.4 & apos; -bis astilbene-2,2 & apos; -disulfonic-disodium salts (TRIAZ) have been determined spectrophotometrically and spectrofluorimetrically at 25?C and ionic strength of 0.1M KNO3. A program based on MCR-ALS applied for determination of acidity constants. The results show that the peak values of dye are influenced by the presence of anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100 (TX-100) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surface-active agent on the acidic and basic forms, and the spectral properties of dye were studied. Also, we determined the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for these surfactants by spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric triazine dye probes. In addition, by using of evolving factor analysis (EFA) and multivariate curve resolution alternative least squares (MCR-ALS) methods, acidity constants were acquired.

This paper derives a semi-analytical solution to determine displacements and stresses in a thick cylindrical shell with variable thickness under uniform pressure based on disk form multilayers. The proposed study partitions the thick cylinder into disk-layer parts based on their thickness of the cylinder. According to the existence of shear stress in the thick cylindrical shell with variable thickness, the equations governing disk layers are acquired based on first shear deformation theory (FSDT), which are in the form of a set of general differential equations. In this study, the cylinder is partitioned into n different disks and n sets of differential equations are derived. The solution of these equations provides displacements and stresses based on the boundary conditions and continuity conditions between the layers. The results are compared with those obtained through the analytical solution and the numerical solution. For the purpose of the analytical solution, matched asymptotic method (MAM) and for the analytical solution, the finite element method (FEM are implemented.

Consumer perception plays essential role for market development. Consumer perception can be defined as a marketing concept, which includes a customer & apos; s impression, awareness and/or consciousness about a firm or its offerings. This paper investigates the effect of customer relationship management factors on consumer perception in Iranian banking industry. The study designs a questionnaire in Likert scale and distributes it among 300 randomly selected managers who worked for Bank Saderat Iran. Cronbach alpha has been calculated as 0.788, which is well above the minimum acceptable level. Using principal component analysis, the study has determined that six factors influences the most on consumer perception; namely: Customer oriented, Organizational strategy, Organizational resources, Organizational structure and Organizational culture.

A value chain is a chain of necessary activities that a company operating in a specific industry executes in order to deliver a valuable product or service for the market. Value chain plays essential role for development of a successful business unit. This paper presents an empirical investigation to study the effects of value chain on capabilities of knowledge production, implementation and distribution. The impact is also studied for effective knowledge implementation for economic development. Using historical economic data of World Bank database gathered from member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the study has detected positive and meaningful effects of Value Chain Presence on Knowledge Economy Index and Knowledge Index.