Productivity is a primary objective of increasing competition in modern economy and any increase in productivity level helps development of organization in the competitive market. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between operating leverage, financial leverage, compound leverage as independent variables and productivity indices including labor and capital productivities as dependent variables. The study includes 102 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Market based on screening, systematic deletion, over the period 2005-2010. The required data are gathered through official financial statements, committee reports, and other available documents in Tehran Stock Market. Stepwise regression and Pearson correlation are used to analyze the data. The results of the study have indicated that there were significant relationships between independent variables including leverage ratios with labor productivity. In addition, there is also a significance relationship between leverage ratios with capital productivity of total assets.

Dividend plays an important role on changing profitability in any business units including banking industry. In this paper, we present an empirical survey to study the effect of asymmetric information and growth opportunities on dividend policies among some private banks in Iran. The proposed study of this paper gathers the necessary information from all private banks whose shares are listed in Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2005-2011. The study uses regression analysis to study the effects of various factors where dividend distribution policy is considered as a function of four independent variables namely spread, bank size, growth opportunity and cash flow. The results of the survey indicate that there are some positive and meaningful relationships between growth opportunity and dividend pay (0.003308), between bank size and dividend pay (0.019497) and between bank size and dividend pay (0.168821).

Learning is of the most challenging issues in most organizations and lack it could create serious problems for business development. In this paper, we present an empirical study to investigate the relationship between organizational structure and learning characteristics in a case study of revenue agency located in province of Alborz, Iran. Organizational structure includes five components of complexity, concentration, authority, formality and flexibility. A learning organization also includes five components including conceptual model, team learning, common goals, systematic vision and individual capabilities. There are 400 employees for the case study of our proposed study and we choose 196 people as a sample number. The proposed study of this paper uses structural equation modeling to survey the data using LIREL and SPSS software packages. Based on the results of this survey, we have concluded that there are some meaningful relationships between three variables of formality, complexity and authority on one side and learning capability from the other side. However, our study did not find any meaningful relationship between concentration and flexibility with organizational learning capability.

The recent advances in technology have created a challenge for customer on purchasing electronic devises since the cycle of media production such as TV, Mobile devices, etc. are getting short and people need to replace them by new products. The recent emerge of Light Emitting Diode (LED) television has attracted many people and there is a concern to study the impact of important factors on customer behavior in this business. This paper presents an empirical study to study the effects of six variables including customer perception, motivation, cognitive learning, attitude, information and price on customer behavior for LED televisions produced by an Iranian firm in Tehran, Iran. The study designs a questionnaire consists of 27 questions and distributes it among some people who are potential customers of this product. We use multiple regression analysis to study the behavior of different factors on customer behavior. The results of our survey indicate that cognitive learning had the most influencing impact (0.22) on customer behavior followed by price (0.219), motivation (0.203), attitude (0.193), information (0.183) and perception (0.145).

Customer relationship management (CRM) plays essential role on the success of many business units. CRM integrates necessary data from internal and external sources to assist managers and employees for business development. This paper attempts to analyze relationship between CRM, organizational learning, and knowledge management. Research population includes travel agencies in Tehran, Iran and their manager are considered for the purpose of this study. This research has four variables 1- Successful implementation of KM, 2- Organizational learning, 3- customer orientation, and 4- information share with customers. The preliminary results of this survey indicate that any development of CRM will significantly contribute relative efficiency of this travel agency. The results also indicate that there is a meaningful relationship among components of CRM including organizational learning, and knowledge management in this travel agency.

Leadership style plays an important role on job satisfaction in educational systems. In this paper, we present a study among 180 school principals in city of Khomeinishahr, located in province of Esfahan, Iran. The study selects a sample of 123 principals and examines ten hypotheses including the effects of personality trait neuroticism, extroversion, resilience, participative, conscientiousness on job satisfaction. The study also investigates the impacts of transformational leadership style, transactional leadership style and Laissez – fair leadership style on job satisfaction. Finally, the study considers the relationship between personality trait neuroticism and transformational leadership style as well as personality trait extraversion and transformational leadership style. The study uses Pearson correlation test and verify that nine out of ten hypotheses have been confirmed and the relationship between Laissez – fair leadership style and job satisfaction is not confirmed.

Empowering employees play essential role on increasing the productivity of any business units. In this paper, we present an empirical investigation to study the impact of spiritual on empowering employees of Payame Noor university in city of Tehran, Iran. The study uses two benchmark questionnaires to examine the hypotheses of this survey. There are seven sub-hypotheses associated with this study including the relationship between empowering employees from one side and vision, friendship, faith to work, being meaningful, organizational membership, organizational commitment and performance feedback. The results of implementation of structural equation modeling confirmed all sub-hypotheses except commitment.

During the past two decades, internet has penetrated into people’s personal lives, significantly. People communicate with each other through internet facilities such as email services, social web pages, etc. Internet has influenced so much of our lives that many people get addicted and it has become a serious issue among different societies. In this study, we perform an empirical study to find the relationship of three issues of age, gender and employment status on internet addiction behavior. The survey selects 190 men and 160 women from a city of NajafAbad located in province of Esfahan, Iran and a questionnaire consists of 35 questions are distributed among them. The survey uses Chi-Square statistics to examine the effects of three mentioned factors and the results indicate that internet addiction is more among singles than married (Chi-Square=19.94). The survey also indicates that internet addition is more on men than women do (Chi-Square=6.64). However, our survey does not find any evidence to believe job employment has any impact on internet addiction.

The primary objective of this paper is to develop a comprehensive method to learn the effect of knowledge management (KM) practices on organizational performance. The balanced scorecard (BSC) is applied to materialize this comprehensiveness. In order to prevent research dispersion, the selective indicators in KM are oriented to some critical success factors influencing KM implementation. In addition, the mentioned effect is analyzed by path analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that KM practices maintain some impacts on the overall performance. Finally, KM practices only influence learning and growth among dimensions of BSC, significantly. Likewise, data analysis states other significant impact among performance dimensions in terms of BSC model.

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This paper aims to investigate shoppers’ motivations for visiting the mall in respect of their demographic characteristics. The study was Cross-sectional and adopted the quantitative method. Structure questionnaire was used to collect data through a mall intercept approach. Factor analysis was conducted to determine the mall visitation motivations of shoppers and Chi-square test and regression analysis used to help answer the research questions. The paper found eight (8) key mall visitation motivations attract Ghanaian shoppers. Escapism influences the shoppers most, followed by pleasure flow, safety, aesthetic and architectural leisure, respectively. The least motivational factor is exploration. The result suggests that shoppers in Ghana are most likely to see the mall as an escape route from their daily hectic conditions and a place for relaxation.