How to cite this paper
Kanrak, M & Nonthapot, S. (2024). Analysis of the tourism network post the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for revitalization.International Journal of Data and Network Science, 8(3), 1781-1792.
Refrences
Asero, V., Gozzo, S., & Tomaselli, V. (2016). Building tourism networks through tourist mobility. Journal of Travel Re-search, 55(6), 751–763.
Baggio, R. (2008). Network analysis of a tourism destination. Citeseer.
Baggio, R. (2011). Collaboration and cooperation in a tourism destination: a network science approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), 183–189.
Baggio, R. (2014a). Complex tourism systems: a visibility graph approach. Kybernetes, 43(3/4), 445–461.
Baggio, R. (2014b). Creativity and the structure of tourism destination networks. International Journal of Tourism Scienc-es, 14(1), 137–154.
Baggio, R., & Del Chiappa, G. (2014a). Real and virtual relationships in tourism digital ecosystems. Information Technol-ogy & Tourism, 14, 3–19.
Baggio, R., & Del Chiappa, G. (2014b). Real and virtual relationships in tourism digital ecosystems. Information Technol-ogy & Tourism, 14, 3–19.
Baggio, R., & Sainaghi, R. (2016). Mapping time series into networks as a tool to assess the complex dynamics of tourism systems. Tourism Management, 54, 23–33.
Beritelli, P., Buffa, F., & Martini, U. (2015). The coordinating DMO or coordinators in the DMO?–an alternative perspec-tive with the help of network analysis. Tourism Review, 70(1), 24–42.
Chung, M. G., Herzberger, A., Frank, K. A., & Liu, J. (2020). International tourism dynamics in a globalized world: A so-cial network analysis approach. Journal of Travel Research, 59(3), 387–403.
Corbisiero, F., & Monaco, S. (2021). Post-pandemic tourism resilience: Changes in Italians’ travel behavior and the pos-sible responses of tourist cities. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 13(3), 401–417.
Countrycassette. (2024). World Tourism Rankings by Country 2024.
Czerny, A. I., Fu, X., Lei, Z., & Oum, T. H. (2021). Post pandemic aviation market recovery: Experience and lessons from China. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101971.
D’Agata, R., Gozzo, S., & Tomaselli, V. (2013a). Network analysis approach to map tourism mobility. Quality & Quanti-ty, 47, 3167–3184.
D’Agata, R., Gozzo, S., & Tomaselli, V. (2013b). Network analysis approach to map tourism mobility. Quality & Quanti-ty, 47, 3167–3184.
da Fontoura Costa, L., & Baggio, R. (2009). The web of connections between tourism companies: Structure and dynamics. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 388(19), 4286–4296.
Del Chiappa, G., & Presenza, A. (2013). The use of network analysis to assess relationships among stakeholders within a tourism destination: An empirical investigation on Costa Smeralda-Gallura, Italy. Tourism Analysis, 18(1), 1–13.
Enoch, Y. (1996). Contents of tour packages: A cross-cultural comparison. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 599–616.
Frame, B., & Hemmings, A. D. (2020). Coronavirus at the end of the world: Antarctica matters. Social Sciences & Human-ities Open, 2(1), 100054.
Garrido-Moreno, A., Garcia-Morales, V. J., & Martin-Rojas, R. (2021). Going beyond the curve: Strategic measures to re-cover hotel activity in times of COVID-19. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 96, 102928.
Grama, C.-N., & Baggio, R. (2013). A network analysis of Sibiu County, Romania. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1312.7432.
Grilli, G., Tyllianakis, E., Luisetti, T., Ferrini, S., & Turner, R. K. (2021). Prospective tourist preferences for sustainable tourism development in Small Island Developing States. Tourism Management, 82, 104178.
Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2015). Modeling the fluctuation patterns of monthly inbound tourist flows to China: A complex network approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(8), 942–953.
Huang, J., Zhang, L., Liu, X., Wei, Y., Liu, C., Lian, X., Huang, Z., Chou, J., Liu, X., & Li, X. (2020). Global prediction system for COVID-19 pandemic. Science Bulletin, 65(22), 1884.
Ito, H., Hanaoka, S., & Kawasaki, T. (2020). The cruise industry and the COVID-19 outbreak. Transportation Research In-terdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100136.
Jørgensen, M. T. (2016). Synergistic social network analysis: a synergistic approach to qualitative and quantitative net-work analysis. Tourism Analysis, 21(6), 559–576.
Kanrak, M., & Nguyen, H.-O. (2022). Structure, characteristics and connectivity analysis of the Asian-Australasian cruise shipping network. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(6), 882–896.
Kanrak, M., Lau, Y., Ling, X., & Traiyarach, S. (2023). Cruise shipping network of ports in and around the emission con-trol areas: a network structure perspective. Maritime Business Review.
Kanrak, M., Lean, H., & Nonthapot, S. (2024). Analysis of tourism destination centrality and structural properties of tour-ism system: Complex network perspective. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 12(1), 115–124.
Kanrak, M., Traiyarach, S., Wuttipan, C., Lau, Y., & Zhou, J. (2023). Analysis of the river cruise network in Southeast Asia: A complex network approach. Maritime Technology and Research, 5(2), 261548.
Kim, S. S., Kim, J., Badu-Baiden, F., Giroux, M., & Choi, Y. (2021). Preference for robot service or human service in ho-tels? Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 93, 102795.
Kim, S. S., Kim, J., Choi, Y., Shin, J., & Morrison, A. M. (2022). Can communication messages affect promotion of inter-national air travel in preparation for the post COVID-19 pandemic era? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Manage-ment, 51, 252–267.
Leung, X. Y., Wang, F., Wu, B., Bai, B., Stahura, K. A., & Xie, Z. (2012). A social network analysis of overseas tourist movement patterns in Beijing: The impact of the Olympic Games. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(5), 469–484.
Liebig, J., Najeebullah, K., Jurdak, R., Shoghri, A. El, & Paini, D. (2021). Should international borders re-open? The im-pact of travel restrictions on COVID-19 importation risk. BMC Public Health, 21, 1–9.
Liu, B., Huang, S. S., & Fu, H. (2017). An application of network analysis on tourist attractions: The case of Xinjiang, China. Tourism Management, 58, 132–141.
Liu, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Chen, D., Liu, Z., & Lu, S. (2012). Roles and functions of tourism destinations in tourism re-gion of South Anhui: A tourist flow network perspective. Chinese Geographical Science, 22, 755–764.
Lozano, S., & Gutiérrez, E. (2018). A complex network analysis of global tourism flows. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(5), 588–604.
Lucas, D., Jego, C., Jensen, O. C., Loddé, B., Pougnet, R., Dewitte, J.-D., Sauvage, T., & Jegaden, D. (2021). Seafarers’ mental health in the COVID-19 era: lost at sea? International Maritime Health, 72(2), 138–141.
Luthe, T., & Wyss, R. (2016). Resilience to climate change in a cross-scale tourism governance context: a combined quan-titative-qualitative network analysis. Ecology and Society, 21(1).
Luthe, T., Wyss, R., & Schuckert, M. (2012). Network governance and regional resilience to climate change: empirical ev-idence from mountain tourism communities in the Swiss Gotthard region. Regional Environmental Change, 12, 839–854.
Navarro-Drazich, D., & Lorenzo, C. (2021). Sensitivity and vulnerability of international tourism by covid crisis: South America in context. Research in Globalization, 3, 100042.
Piazzi, R., Baggio, R., Neidhardt, J., & Werthner, H. (2011). Destinations and the web: a network analysis view. Infor-mation Technology & Tourism, 13(3), 215–228.
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Hatamifar, P. (2021). Understanding memorable tourism experiences and behavioural intentions of heritage tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100621.
Sainaghi, R., & Baggio, R. (2017). Complexity traits and dynamics of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 63, 368–382.
Sankowski, A. (2021). Global Journey to Post-Pandemic Normalcy and Revival. Journal of Global Awareness, 2(1), 3.
Scott, N., Baggio, R., & Cooper, C. (2011). Network analysis methods for modeling tourism inter-organizational systems. In Tourism sensemaking: Strategies to give meaning to experience (Vol. 5, pp. 177–221). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Scott, N., Cooper, C., & Baggio, R. (2008). Destination networks: four Australian cases. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 169–188.
Seok, H., Barnett, G. A., & Nam, Y. (2021). A social network analysis of international tourism flow. Quality & Quantity, 55, 419–439.
Shah, S. H. A., Jamshed, K., Saleem, S., Al-Ghazali, B. M., & Kiani, O. I. (2023). Rebuilding Tourism in Asia for Future (Post-COVID-19). In Resilient and Sustainable Destinations After Disaster (pp. 109–119). Emerald Publishing Lim-ited.
Shao, Y., Huang, S. S., Wang, Y., Li, Z., & Luo, M. (2020). Evolution of international tourist flows from 1995 to 2018: A network analysis perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100752.
Shebanina, E., Burkovskaia, A., & Poltorak, A. (2023). Management of the Informational Potential of Eco-Hotels in the Conditions of Sustainable Development of Hospitality and Tourist Destinations Based on Agricultural Enterprises in Ukraine.
Shen, J., & Chou, R.-J. (2021). Cultural landscape development integrated with rural revitalization: A case study of Songkou ancient town. Land, 10(4), 406.
Shih, H.-Y. (2006). Network characteristics of drive tourism destinations: An application of network analysis in tourism. Tourism Management, 27(5), 1029–1039.
Sun, Y.-Y., Lin, P.-C., & Higham, J. (2020). Managing tourism emissions through optimizing the tourism demand mix: Concept and analysis. Tourism Management, 81, 104161.
Tran, M. T. T., Jeeva, A. S., & Pourabedin, Z. (2016). Social network analysis in tourism services distribution channels. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 59–67.
UNWTO. (2020). International tourist number could fall 60–80% in 2020. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
UNWTO. (2021). 2020: WORST YEAR IN TOURISM HISTORY WITH 1 BILLION FEWER INTERNATIONAL ARRIVALS. https://www.unwto.org/news/2020-worst-year-in-tourism-history-with-1-billion-fewer-international-arrivals#:~:text=Asia%20and%20the%20Pacific%20%28-84%25%29%20-%20the%20first,decrease%20in%20arrivals%20in%202020%20%28300%20million%20fewer%29.
UNWTO. (2023). TOURISM SET TO RETURN TO PRE-PANDEMIC LEVELS IN SOME REGIONS IN 2023. https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-set-to-return-to-pre-pandemic-levels-in-some-regions-in-2023
Valeri, M., & Baggio, R. (2022). Increasing the efficiency of knowledge transfer in an Italian tourism system: a network approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(13), 2127–2142.
Vijayabanu, C., Rajakarthikeyan, G., & Kavipriya, J. (2023). Divine Destinations: Unpacking the Prospects and Challeng-es of Global Pilgrimage Tourism and Hospitality. Management and Practices of Pilgrimage Tourism and Hospitality, 61–77.
Vinicius Costa. (2022). The Most Visited Countries In Asia And The Pacific. https://www.traveloffpath.com/travelers-are-heading-back-to-asia-in-2023-these-are-the-top-7-trending-destinations/
Wäsche, H. (2015). Interorganizational cooperation in sport tourism: A social network analysis. Sport Management Re-view, 18(4), 542–554.
WHO. (2023). Number of COVID-19 cases reported to WHO. https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases?n=c
Wilkinson, T., & Coles, T. (2023). Do tourists want sustainability transitions? Visitor attitudes to destination trajectories during COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 1–18.
WTTC. (2024). Total contribution of travel and tourism to gross domestic product (GDP) worldwide in 2019 and 2022, with a forecast for 2023 and 2033. https://www.statista.com/statistics/233223/travel-and-tourism%2D%2Dtotal-economic-contribution-world-wide/#:~:text=Overall%2C%20the%20contribution%20of%20travel%20and%20tourism%20to,in%202023%2C%20remaining%20five%20percent%20below%20pre-pandemic%20levels.
Wyss, R., Luthe, T., & Abegg, B. (2015). Building resilience to climate change–the role of cooperation in alpine tourism networks. Local Environment, 20(8), 908–922.
Ying, T., Norman, W. C., & Zhou, Y. (2016). Online networking in the tourism industry: A webometrics and hyperlink network analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 55(1), 16–33.
Baggio, R. (2008). Network analysis of a tourism destination. Citeseer.
Baggio, R. (2011). Collaboration and cooperation in a tourism destination: a network science approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), 183–189.
Baggio, R. (2014a). Complex tourism systems: a visibility graph approach. Kybernetes, 43(3/4), 445–461.
Baggio, R. (2014b). Creativity and the structure of tourism destination networks. International Journal of Tourism Scienc-es, 14(1), 137–154.
Baggio, R., & Del Chiappa, G. (2014a). Real and virtual relationships in tourism digital ecosystems. Information Technol-ogy & Tourism, 14, 3–19.
Baggio, R., & Del Chiappa, G. (2014b). Real and virtual relationships in tourism digital ecosystems. Information Technol-ogy & Tourism, 14, 3–19.
Baggio, R., & Sainaghi, R. (2016). Mapping time series into networks as a tool to assess the complex dynamics of tourism systems. Tourism Management, 54, 23–33.
Beritelli, P., Buffa, F., & Martini, U. (2015). The coordinating DMO or coordinators in the DMO?–an alternative perspec-tive with the help of network analysis. Tourism Review, 70(1), 24–42.
Chung, M. G., Herzberger, A., Frank, K. A., & Liu, J. (2020). International tourism dynamics in a globalized world: A so-cial network analysis approach. Journal of Travel Research, 59(3), 387–403.
Corbisiero, F., & Monaco, S. (2021). Post-pandemic tourism resilience: Changes in Italians’ travel behavior and the pos-sible responses of tourist cities. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 13(3), 401–417.
Countrycassette. (2024). World Tourism Rankings by Country 2024.
Czerny, A. I., Fu, X., Lei, Z., & Oum, T. H. (2021). Post pandemic aviation market recovery: Experience and lessons from China. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101971.
D’Agata, R., Gozzo, S., & Tomaselli, V. (2013a). Network analysis approach to map tourism mobility. Quality & Quanti-ty, 47, 3167–3184.
D’Agata, R., Gozzo, S., & Tomaselli, V. (2013b). Network analysis approach to map tourism mobility. Quality & Quanti-ty, 47, 3167–3184.
da Fontoura Costa, L., & Baggio, R. (2009). The web of connections between tourism companies: Structure and dynamics. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 388(19), 4286–4296.
Del Chiappa, G., & Presenza, A. (2013). The use of network analysis to assess relationships among stakeholders within a tourism destination: An empirical investigation on Costa Smeralda-Gallura, Italy. Tourism Analysis, 18(1), 1–13.
Enoch, Y. (1996). Contents of tour packages: A cross-cultural comparison. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 599–616.
Frame, B., & Hemmings, A. D. (2020). Coronavirus at the end of the world: Antarctica matters. Social Sciences & Human-ities Open, 2(1), 100054.
Garrido-Moreno, A., Garcia-Morales, V. J., & Martin-Rojas, R. (2021). Going beyond the curve: Strategic measures to re-cover hotel activity in times of COVID-19. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 96, 102928.
Grama, C.-N., & Baggio, R. (2013). A network analysis of Sibiu County, Romania. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1312.7432.
Grilli, G., Tyllianakis, E., Luisetti, T., Ferrini, S., & Turner, R. K. (2021). Prospective tourist preferences for sustainable tourism development in Small Island Developing States. Tourism Management, 82, 104178.
Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2015). Modeling the fluctuation patterns of monthly inbound tourist flows to China: A complex network approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(8), 942–953.
Huang, J., Zhang, L., Liu, X., Wei, Y., Liu, C., Lian, X., Huang, Z., Chou, J., Liu, X., & Li, X. (2020). Global prediction system for COVID-19 pandemic. Science Bulletin, 65(22), 1884.
Ito, H., Hanaoka, S., & Kawasaki, T. (2020). The cruise industry and the COVID-19 outbreak. Transportation Research In-terdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100136.
Jørgensen, M. T. (2016). Synergistic social network analysis: a synergistic approach to qualitative and quantitative net-work analysis. Tourism Analysis, 21(6), 559–576.
Kanrak, M., & Nguyen, H.-O. (2022). Structure, characteristics and connectivity analysis of the Asian-Australasian cruise shipping network. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(6), 882–896.
Kanrak, M., Lau, Y., Ling, X., & Traiyarach, S. (2023). Cruise shipping network of ports in and around the emission con-trol areas: a network structure perspective. Maritime Business Review.
Kanrak, M., Lean, H., & Nonthapot, S. (2024). Analysis of tourism destination centrality and structural properties of tour-ism system: Complex network perspective. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 12(1), 115–124.
Kanrak, M., Traiyarach, S., Wuttipan, C., Lau, Y., & Zhou, J. (2023). Analysis of the river cruise network in Southeast Asia: A complex network approach. Maritime Technology and Research, 5(2), 261548.
Kim, S. S., Kim, J., Badu-Baiden, F., Giroux, M., & Choi, Y. (2021). Preference for robot service or human service in ho-tels? Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 93, 102795.
Kim, S. S., Kim, J., Choi, Y., Shin, J., & Morrison, A. M. (2022). Can communication messages affect promotion of inter-national air travel in preparation for the post COVID-19 pandemic era? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Manage-ment, 51, 252–267.
Leung, X. Y., Wang, F., Wu, B., Bai, B., Stahura, K. A., & Xie, Z. (2012). A social network analysis of overseas tourist movement patterns in Beijing: The impact of the Olympic Games. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(5), 469–484.
Liebig, J., Najeebullah, K., Jurdak, R., Shoghri, A. El, & Paini, D. (2021). Should international borders re-open? The im-pact of travel restrictions on COVID-19 importation risk. BMC Public Health, 21, 1–9.
Liu, B., Huang, S. S., & Fu, H. (2017). An application of network analysis on tourist attractions: The case of Xinjiang, China. Tourism Management, 58, 132–141.
Liu, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Chen, D., Liu, Z., & Lu, S. (2012). Roles and functions of tourism destinations in tourism re-gion of South Anhui: A tourist flow network perspective. Chinese Geographical Science, 22, 755–764.
Lozano, S., & Gutiérrez, E. (2018). A complex network analysis of global tourism flows. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(5), 588–604.
Lucas, D., Jego, C., Jensen, O. C., Loddé, B., Pougnet, R., Dewitte, J.-D., Sauvage, T., & Jegaden, D. (2021). Seafarers’ mental health in the COVID-19 era: lost at sea? International Maritime Health, 72(2), 138–141.
Luthe, T., & Wyss, R. (2016). Resilience to climate change in a cross-scale tourism governance context: a combined quan-titative-qualitative network analysis. Ecology and Society, 21(1).
Luthe, T., Wyss, R., & Schuckert, M. (2012). Network governance and regional resilience to climate change: empirical ev-idence from mountain tourism communities in the Swiss Gotthard region. Regional Environmental Change, 12, 839–854.
Navarro-Drazich, D., & Lorenzo, C. (2021). Sensitivity and vulnerability of international tourism by covid crisis: South America in context. Research in Globalization, 3, 100042.
Piazzi, R., Baggio, R., Neidhardt, J., & Werthner, H. (2011). Destinations and the web: a network analysis view. Infor-mation Technology & Tourism, 13(3), 215–228.
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Hatamifar, P. (2021). Understanding memorable tourism experiences and behavioural intentions of heritage tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100621.
Sainaghi, R., & Baggio, R. (2017). Complexity traits and dynamics of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 63, 368–382.
Sankowski, A. (2021). Global Journey to Post-Pandemic Normalcy and Revival. Journal of Global Awareness, 2(1), 3.
Scott, N., Baggio, R., & Cooper, C. (2011). Network analysis methods for modeling tourism inter-organizational systems. In Tourism sensemaking: Strategies to give meaning to experience (Vol. 5, pp. 177–221). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Scott, N., Cooper, C., & Baggio, R. (2008). Destination networks: four Australian cases. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 169–188.
Seok, H., Barnett, G. A., & Nam, Y. (2021). A social network analysis of international tourism flow. Quality & Quantity, 55, 419–439.
Shah, S. H. A., Jamshed, K., Saleem, S., Al-Ghazali, B. M., & Kiani, O. I. (2023). Rebuilding Tourism in Asia for Future (Post-COVID-19). In Resilient and Sustainable Destinations After Disaster (pp. 109–119). Emerald Publishing Lim-ited.
Shao, Y., Huang, S. S., Wang, Y., Li, Z., & Luo, M. (2020). Evolution of international tourist flows from 1995 to 2018: A network analysis perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100752.
Shebanina, E., Burkovskaia, A., & Poltorak, A. (2023). Management of the Informational Potential of Eco-Hotels in the Conditions of Sustainable Development of Hospitality and Tourist Destinations Based on Agricultural Enterprises in Ukraine.
Shen, J., & Chou, R.-J. (2021). Cultural landscape development integrated with rural revitalization: A case study of Songkou ancient town. Land, 10(4), 406.
Shih, H.-Y. (2006). Network characteristics of drive tourism destinations: An application of network analysis in tourism. Tourism Management, 27(5), 1029–1039.
Sun, Y.-Y., Lin, P.-C., & Higham, J. (2020). Managing tourism emissions through optimizing the tourism demand mix: Concept and analysis. Tourism Management, 81, 104161.
Tran, M. T. T., Jeeva, A. S., & Pourabedin, Z. (2016). Social network analysis in tourism services distribution channels. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 59–67.
UNWTO. (2020). International tourist number could fall 60–80% in 2020. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
UNWTO. (2021). 2020: WORST YEAR IN TOURISM HISTORY WITH 1 BILLION FEWER INTERNATIONAL ARRIVALS. https://www.unwto.org/news/2020-worst-year-in-tourism-history-with-1-billion-fewer-international-arrivals#:~:text=Asia%20and%20the%20Pacific%20%28-84%25%29%20-%20the%20first,decrease%20in%20arrivals%20in%202020%20%28300%20million%20fewer%29.
UNWTO. (2023). TOURISM SET TO RETURN TO PRE-PANDEMIC LEVELS IN SOME REGIONS IN 2023. https://www.unwto.org/news/tourism-set-to-return-to-pre-pandemic-levels-in-some-regions-in-2023
Valeri, M., & Baggio, R. (2022). Increasing the efficiency of knowledge transfer in an Italian tourism system: a network approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(13), 2127–2142.
Vijayabanu, C., Rajakarthikeyan, G., & Kavipriya, J. (2023). Divine Destinations: Unpacking the Prospects and Challeng-es of Global Pilgrimage Tourism and Hospitality. Management and Practices of Pilgrimage Tourism and Hospitality, 61–77.
Vinicius Costa. (2022). The Most Visited Countries In Asia And The Pacific. https://www.traveloffpath.com/travelers-are-heading-back-to-asia-in-2023-these-are-the-top-7-trending-destinations/
Wäsche, H. (2015). Interorganizational cooperation in sport tourism: A social network analysis. Sport Management Re-view, 18(4), 542–554.
WHO. (2023). Number of COVID-19 cases reported to WHO. https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases?n=c
Wilkinson, T., & Coles, T. (2023). Do tourists want sustainability transitions? Visitor attitudes to destination trajectories during COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 1–18.
WTTC. (2024). Total contribution of travel and tourism to gross domestic product (GDP) worldwide in 2019 and 2022, with a forecast for 2023 and 2033. https://www.statista.com/statistics/233223/travel-and-tourism%2D%2Dtotal-economic-contribution-world-wide/#:~:text=Overall%2C%20the%20contribution%20of%20travel%20and%20tourism%20to,in%202023%2C%20remaining%20five%20percent%20below%20pre-pandemic%20levels.
Wyss, R., Luthe, T., & Abegg, B. (2015). Building resilience to climate change–the role of cooperation in alpine tourism networks. Local Environment, 20(8), 908–922.
Ying, T., Norman, W. C., & Zhou, Y. (2016). Online networking in the tourism industry: A webometrics and hyperlink network analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 55(1), 16–33.