This paper introduces a novel practical variant, namely an open close multiple travelling salesmen problem with single depot (OCMTSP) that concerns the generalization of classical travelling salesman problem (TSP). In OCMTSP, the overall salesmen can be categorized into internal/permanent and external/outsourcing ones, where all the salesmen are positioned at the depot city. The primary objective of this problem is to design the optimal route such that all salesmen start from the depot/base city, and then visit a given set of cities. Each city is to be visited precisely once by exactly one salesman, and only the internal salesmen have to return to the depot city whereas the external ones need not return. To find optimal solutions, an exact pattern recognition technique based Lexi-search algorithm (LSA) is developed which has been subjected in Matlab. Comparative computational results of the LSA have been made with the existing methods for general multiple travelling salesman problem (MTSP). Further, to test the performance of LSA, computational experiments have been carried out on some benchmark as well as randomly generated test instances for OCMTSP, and results are reported. The overall computational results demonstrate that the proposed LSA is efficient in providing optimal and sub-optimal solutions within the considerable CPU times.

The mobility sector including all kinds of transportation systems are facing global challenges in re-spect of green environmental issues. There has been a paradigm shift in the concept of design and manufacturing of automotive vehicles keeping in mind the scarcity of fossil fuel and the impact of emission on environment due to burning of it. The addition of hybrid and electric vehicles in pas-senger car segment has got significant momentum to address the global challenges. This research investigates the performance of a group of hybrid vehicles from customers’ perspective. Among the different brands that are available in the hybrid vehicle market, smart customers have given pri-ority to vehicle cost, mileage, tail pipe emission, comfortness and high tank size volume for long drive. Considering these attributes, selection strategy for hybrid vehicles has been developed using entropy based multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) method. This research highlights the best hybrid vehicle which reduces air pollution in cities with other significant environmental benefits, reduces dependence on foreign energy imports and minimizes the annual fuel cost.

Stochastic optimization algorithm provides a robust and efficient approach for solving complex real world problems. Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm (BSA) is a new stochastic evolutionary algorithm and the aim of this paper is to introduce a hybrid approach combining the BSA and Quadratic approximation (QA), called HBSAfor solving unconstrained non-linear, non-differentiable optimization problems. For the validity of the proposed method the results are compared with five state-of-the-art particle swarm optimization (PSO) variant approaches in terms of the numerical result of the solutions. The sensitivity analysis of the BSA control parameter (F) is also performed.

A note published by Chinta et al. (2016) [Chinta, S., Kommadath, R. & Kotecha, P. (2016) A note on multi-objective improved teaching–learning based optimization algorithm (MO-ITLBO). Information Science, 373, 337-350.] reported some impediments in implementation of MO-ITLBO algorithm. However, it is observed that their comments are based on incorrect understanding of TLBO, ITLBO and MO-ITLBO algorithms. Their raised issues are thoroughly addressed in this paper and it is proved that MO-ITLBO algorithm has no lacunae.

The objective of the present work is to use a suitable method that can optimize the process parameters like pulse on time (TON), pulse off time (TOFF), wire feed rate (WF), wire tension (WT) and servo voltage (SV) to attain the maximum value of MRR and minimum value of surface roughness during the production of a fine pitch spur gear made of copper. The spur gear has a pressure angle of 20⁰ and pitch circle diameter of 70 mm. The wire has a diameter of 0.25 mm and is made of brass. Experiments were conducted according to Taguchi’s orthogonal array concept with five factors and two levels. Thus, Taguchi quality loss design technique is used to optimize the output responses carried out from the experiments. Another optimization technique i.e. desirability with grey Taguchi technique has been used to optimize the process parameters. Both the optimized results are compared to find out the best combination of MRR and surface roughness. A confirmation test was carried out to identify the significant improvement in the machining performance in case of Taguchi quality loss. Finally, it was concluded that desirability with grey Taguchi technique produced a better result than the Taguchi quality loss technique in case of MRR and Taguchi quality loss gives a better result in case of surface roughness. The quality of the wire after the cutting operation has been presented in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) figure.

The objective of this research is to comprehend how these elements interact to influence young people's subjective happiness and to provide insightful information about their perspectives. Significant discoveries are shown by the study's findings. This research paper conducts a thorough analysis of the many factors that affect youth happiness, including GDP, loneliness, longevity, autonomy, generosity, and corruption. First off, GDP shows up as a significant and noticeably positive factor to young happiness. This emphasizes how crucial economic success is in raising young people's life happiness. Second, autonomy is recognized as another important factor, showing a significant and favorable influence on happiness. It emphasizes how important one's own independence and life control are for young wellbeing. Additionally, the study uncovers a diverse range of impacts among these indicators. Longevity and Generosity are found to positively influence happiness, emphasizing the role of health and social support in young people's contentment. Conversely, Loneliness and Corruption exhibit significant negative effects on happiness, underscoring the detrimental consequences of social isolation and institutional corruption on youth well-being. In conclusion, this research paper offers a holistic view of youth happiness, recognizing the multifaceted nature of its determinants. These findings have important implications for policymakers, highlighting the need to address not only economic aspects but also personal autonomy, social connectedness, and integrity in efforts to promote youth happiness and well-being in society.

Two heterocyclic oximes (E)-N-hydroxy-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine (Hp2ylm) and (E)-N-hydroxy-1-(pyridin-3-yl)methanimine (Hp3ylm) were synthesized from pyridine-2-carbaldehyde and pyridine-3-carbaldehyde, respectively. These oximes were characterized by various spectroscopic tools like UV, IR, MASS and NMR. The inhibition capacity of these oximes against copper corrosion in 0.1 M HNO3 was determined by polarization and impedance spectroscopic studies (EIS). At all concentrations, Hp3ylm exhibited higher inhibition efficiency than Hp2ylm. Attempt was made to illustrate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition by these oximes with the help of adsorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and quantum chemical studies.

Turning experiments were conducted on a novel aluminum alloy (LM6)/fly ash composite based on the response surface and face centered central composite design methodology. The effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness and tool wear were investigated. Multiple regression models were developed for the responses and the adequacies of the developed models were tested at 95% confidence interval using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. Carbide inserts (Model: CNMG 120408-M5) were used for turning the specimens in a CNC turning machine (model: LT-16). The test for significance of the regression models, the test for significance on individual model coefficients and the lack-of-fit tests were performed using the statistical Design-Expert7.0v software environments. R2 indicated the model significance and the value was more than 97%, revealed that the relation between cutting responses and input parameters held good for more than 97% and the model was adequate.

The present study investigates performance and feasibility of application of low cost cemented carbide insert in dry machining of AISI 52100 steel hardened to (55 ± 1 HRC) which is rarely researched as far as machining of bearing steel is concerned. Machinability studies i.e. flank wear, surface roughness and morphology analysis of chip has been investigated and statistical regression modeling has been developed. The test has been conducted based on Taguchi L16 OA taking machining parameters like cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. It is observed that uncoated cemented carbide insert performs well at some selected runs (Run 1, 5 and 9) which show its feasibility for hard turning applications. The developed serrated saw tooth chip of burnt blue colour adversely affects the surface quality. Adequacy of the developed statistical regression model has been checked using ANOVA analysis (depending on F value, P value and R2 value) and normal probability plot at 95% confidence level. The results of optimal parametric combinations may be adopted while turning hardened AISI 52100 steel under dry environment with uncoated cemented carbide insert.

A new series of transition metal complexes of Co(III), Ni(II) and VO(IV) was synthesized with the bidentate Schiff base ligand (HL) derived from the condensation of 2-amino-3-benzyloxypyridine and 5-bromo salicylaldehyde. The synthesized Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes C1-C6 were structurally characterized by satisfactory elemental analysis, spectral studies such as (Mass, IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, conductance measurement, UV-vis and magnetic measurements) and thermal studies. The structure of HL was authenticated by X-ray single-crystal analysis. Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out to understand the nature of intermolecular contacts, the fingerprint plot provides the information about the percentage contribution. Square-pyramidal geometry is proposed for VO(IV) complexes whereas octahedral geometry for Co(III) and Ni(II) complexes. The Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes have been tested in vitro for their antibacterial activities by using well diffusion method against Gram positive bacteria B. subtilis, S. aureus and Gram negative bacteria S. typhi, E. coli and antifungal activities against A. niger, A. flavus, C. albicans and A. Solani. The antimicrobial activity data show that metal complexes are more potent than the parent ligand.