Training and productivity have been found positively correlated in theory and practice. The pattern of the relationship, however, was not explored in pre - and post-regulation in the conceived sector. This paper aims to observe the effects of regulation and training expenses along with other covariates on employee productivity in the Microfinance sector of Bangladesh. Using annual data of MRA-licensed MFIs, we have estimated both panel and cross-sectional regression models. The regression results confirm the theoretical relationship between training expenses and employee productivity. The regulation also worked positively in enhancing employee productivity. However, in the early stage of regulation, the average productivity gain due to regulation was substantial and was showing an increasing trend but then it declined and reached a constant level of about 4% - 5% each year. Between 2008 and 2011, both regulation and training positively contributed to the gains in average productivity of the employees. After 2012, there was a positive trend of average productivity elasticity of training expenses but there was a flat effect of regulation after 2012. Regulation was found to short-run shifter in the average productivity of employees while training expenses had a positive trend effect.

This study examines the role of government regulation on competitiveness and its impact on the performance of companies that have been designated as bonded zones. Bonded zone regulations provide several conveniences such as: delaying the payment of taxes on imported goods, accelerating customs duties, and exempting import permits are expected to improve company performance. Until 2019, 493 textile companies had been designated as bonded zones in Indonesia. But in reality, there are still companies designated as bonded zones that have low financial performance. This research uses 204 textile companies designated as bonded zones in Indonesia. The data were obtained from questionnaires filled out by company representatives. Data were analysed using a statistical test tool. This study finds that government regulations have a greater influence on the performance of textile companies mediated by power competition. The government must make regulations that can support increased competitiveness to improve company performance.

This research examined the connections of efficiency, regulatory and good corporate governance (GCG) variables on the achievement or performance of financial aspects and social reporting from Indonesia’s Shariah banks generally. Data and samples collected in this research include 34 Shariah banks, which are administered in the central bank, Bank of Indonesia for the year of 2009 until 2022. The financial achievement was determined with return on assets, and social reporting was determined with dummy 1 if the banks issue Islamic social reporting, and 0 otherwise. Regulation variables were measured with nonperforming financing (NPF), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), financial to deposit ratio (FDR), and net operating margin (NOM). Corporate governance variables were measured with firm age, board education, and board meeting. Efficiency variable was assessed with operating costs to revenue. The results show that regulation variables significantly impact financial achievement and social reporting, except NPF and CAR have nothing significant influence on Islamic social reporting. Efficiency variables significantly impact Islamic social reporting and financial achievement. Corporate governance variables significantly influence financial achievement and Islamic social reporting. Meanwhile firm age and board meetings have no remarkable influence on financial achievement.

The COVID-19 outbreak is a black swan event that has uncovered the delicateness of global supply chains and business architecture. Underpinned by the agency theory and institutional theory, a proposition for business continuity in the highly regulated pharma industry is presented in this paper. A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out on a sample of 102 pharma supply chain executives in Malaysia. The primary data were gathered by administering a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The result reveals that supply chain orientation directly influences supply chain resilience. Also, introducing collaborative regulation as a mediator in this relationship shows partial mediation. The notion of collaborative regulation as a behavioral governance mechanism is relatively new, thus, presenting interesting opportunities for further exploration of the subject matter.

This research aims to examine bank specific, market and regulatory determinants of leverage and capital structure based on a panel data of publicly listed Islamic banks in 12 countries over the peri-od 2008-2017. Apart from testing standard corporate finance parameters using both OLS and M-Estimators, this study adds several idiosyncratic and regulatory environment related determinants of leverage unique to Islamic banks. The significance of potential determinants is tested for market and book leverage as well as newly introduced ‘Islamic banking leverage’. Overall, the results show that Islamic banks with higher growth opportunities, tangibility, low profitability and low risk are likely to have a high leverage. Similarly, the findings suggest important role played by debt market conditions, share of investment accounts and regulatory environment in such decisions, providing an evidence of the significance of trade-off and pecking order theory in capital structure in Islamic banks. The results are more robust for market and Islamic banking leverage, rather than book leverage. The findings offer insights to regulators, standard setters and especially Islamic banks regarding parameters to strengthen their capital, enhance resilience and thus contribute to the stability of relevant financial. This paper is among the few extant studies that focus on listed Islamic banks and tests de-terminants based on stock market data.

This study aims to analyze the opportunities for implementing Non-Cash Transactions (Non-Cash Applied Transactions) at Village-Owned Enterprises as the application of Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) Theory in North Sumatra. This type of research is quantitative descriptive research. The test was carried out by using Structural Equation Modeling analysis with the Formative approach. The tool used is SmartPLS. The study population was village-owned enterprises in Simalungun, Batubara and Asahan districts, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The sampling technique was carried out by using purposive sampling method. In addition, an assessment of community perceptions of implementation was also carried out. The research variables used are supervision, provider support, banking support (support of banking facilities), human aspect, regulation, resistance, commitment and training. The training variable at Village Business Entities has a significant partial effect on the Successful Application of Non-Cash Transactions of Village Business Entities in North Sumatra. This shows that the more frequent training and assistance are held at village business entities, the easier it will be to implement non-cash transactions at village enterprises. Meanwhile, the variables of Supervision, Provider Support, Banking Support, Human Resources, Regulation, Resistance and Commitment did not have a significant effect on the success of village non-cash transactions in North Sumatra.