In this research, an investigation was carried out through experimentation and numerical modeling to evaluate the cracking pressure induced due to corrosion of reinforcement for different cover thicknesses, grades of concrete and bar locations. The model was also used to determine the patterns of crack for a different number of bars and the effect of bar diameter on cracking pressure. The critical pressure was measured experimentally by applying hydraulic pressure through a hole in concrete cubes of 150 mm. Abaqus 6.14 was used as a modeling platform. From the experimentation and numerical modeling, it was found that with the increase of cover thickness the critical pressure was increased irrespective of bar locations. A lower cracking pressure was observed for corner bar with respect to the sidebar. On the other hand, with the increase in bar diameter, a decrease in cracking pressure was observed. The critical pressure observed was also increased with higher grades of concrete. For corner bars with cover thickness 37.5 mm, the critical pressure was found as 6-10 MPa and it increased up to 17 MPa for the cover thickness of 64 mm for different grades of concrete. On the other hand, for other bar location with the cover thickness of 37.5 mm and 64 mm, the pressure required to initiate crack was about 7.6 MPa and 14.8 MPa, respectively, for C20 grade concrete.

An experimental analysis of the effect of gamma and X-ray irradiation with dose rate 0.25-6mSv/h on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and PMMA samples is presented. The focus of attention is on their DC conductivity as a dielectric of a capacitor. This system is based on the discharge of a capacitor by radioactive radiation through ionization of the dielectric consists of an inner electrode of the capacitor. The experimental setup contains a special electronic circuit in which polymer samples are placed as dielectric of parallel-plate capacitor which is connected to electrodes and a high voltage power supply is in series with other components of the circuit. It is understood that the resistance of polymers varies with the applied voltage and absorbed gamma ray dose from 137Cs with 0.661 MeV energy. The influences of this parameter on LDPE and PMMA electrical properties as a result of polarization of dielectric are also presented. The experimental results show elevation of LDPE and PMMA electric conduction properties as irradiation dose rate increases. Indications of predominance of charge accumulation are also observed.

Growth of the volumes of dangerous and critical welded metal structures constructed under low temperatures imposes additional requirements on the mechanical properties of the weld joints, particularly, on the impact resistance of the weld joint and on the stability of its values. It can be achieved by using coated electrodes with ultradisperse powders of alloying elements in the coating. To develop new improved welding materials we need to optimize the systems of weld metal alloying to meet the increasingly stringent requirements to the welding-operational characteristics. Introduction of a complex ultradisperse powder (Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, Ni) into the electrode coating applied for manual metal-arc welding ensures more stable process of electrode metal fusing and its transfer into the welding bath, improves the performance characteristics of the welded metal.

Fabric Formworks which are made using textile sheets such as Polyolefin, Polyesters/Polyethylene Terephthalate, nylon and Polypropylene are being used instead of conventional formworks in the construction industry. This article summarises significant studies and provides an updated review of references on the structural performance of fabric formworks over the last decade. The survey showed that they could be categorised into seven themes; namely, “Feasibility studies and manufacturing methods of complex structural elements”; “Finite element modelling, structural optimizing and form-finding themes”; “Pneumatic / Vacuumatic formwork theme”; “Durability, sustainability, efficiency and quality improvement”; “Cable-net fabric formwork theme”; “Stay-in-place structural formworks theme”; and “Review papers”. These categories comprise about 25%, 17%, 15%, 15%, 10%, 6% and 6% of related studies respectively.

In this paper, the severe plastic deformation method (SPD) known as constrained groove pressing (CGP) was applied to produce ultrafine-grained microstructure in IF steel sheets. In the CGP technique, samples are subjected to repetitive shear deformation under the plane strain deformation condition using the constrained grooved and flat dies. For assessment of microstructure and mechanical properties of the CGPed IF steel sheet, several testing such as: uniaxial tensile test, hardness measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis have been utilized. Finally, it was observed that the grains are significantly refined after the 16-step pressing of the interstitial free (IF) steel sheets. The grains were reduced from 45µm to 243 nm after four passes.

When a satellite is in orbit, micro vibration generated by its actuators (such as reaction wheels, deployable mechanisms, etc.) will affect the imaging quality of the camera. Viscoelastic materials are utilized as passive isolators to reduce these micro vibrations due to their simple construction and excellent energy dissipation capacity, A finite element model of the entire satellite as well as the camera is constructed using the ABAQUS software and then four reaction wheels are included as the sources of micro-vibrations and their forces are added to the model. To isolate these vibrations, four square sorbothane pads are designed and added in the finite element model as viscoelastic dampers located under the camera, between the camera and satellite bus. The generalized Maxwell model is employed to describe the dynamic properties of the viscoelastic elements in the ABAQUS software. Finally, by analyzing and comparing the dynamic responses of the system with and without the viscoelastic sorbothane pads, it is realized that this isolation system can effectively reduce the reaction wheel micro-vibrations on the camera and subsequently increase the image quality.

Strain-softening material models have conventionally had a pathological mesh sensitivity in finite element simulations and composite materials are indifferent to this problem. Spurious localization is inherent to the structural problem in strain-driven softening. This limitation is caused as the partial differential equations (that govern the structural problem) become ill-posed as the tangent modulus becomes negative, for which uniqueness of the solution with respect to the spatial discretization is lost. This causes the numerical results to unrealistically concentrate in a single layer of elements. A basic theory of overcoming mesh sensitivity is the non-local continuum theory. In this work, three different non-local models with isotropic weight function have been proposed and implemented to work in conjunction with a composite micro-mechanical material model. The effect of a weighing function in each of these formulations has been studied in detail. All three non-local formulations have been observed to produce a nice smeared effect of damage unlike the local damage models.

This work shows a free-body model for tolerance analysis, that uses the force free-body diagrams and the functional equations’ sensitivities, by simulating the geometrical tolerances together with the dimensional ones. The geometrical tolerances were related to the deviations due to the manufacturing process (i.e. the manufacturing signature). Moreover, weight and friction forces were simulated too. A sensitivity analysis on the developed free body model aimed to evaluate the number of points to discretize the circular bodies and how to calculate the point clouds barycentre in order to reduce the simulation time. A case study was used to exemplify the application of the proposed free-body method with and without considering the manufacturing signature. The results show that the free body model is able to solve assembly problems and the manufacturing signature significantly influences the values of the functional requirement on the product and, therefore, it is impossible to neglect it.

This paper presents a new hybrid double mixed stress (4f-HMS) model, for the static analysis of isotropic plane structures, in which it is assumed a physically and geometrically linear behaviour. The main improvement of this model is, it approximates independently the three most important fields in the domain, more specifically the strain field, the stress field and the displacement field of each element. The displacements along the static boundary, considered to include inter-element boundaries, are also directly approximated. For the approximation functions in the space domain, a complete set of orthonormal Legendre polynomials are used. The adoption of these functions enables the use of analytical closed form solutions, for the computation of all linear structural operators, and leads to the development of very effective p- refinement procedures. The model being discussed is tested in terms of convergence capabilities using classical elastic strain energy and other common variables, in which the monotonic convergence is tested. To validate the model and to illustrate its potential, several numerical examples are discussed and comparisons are made, with solutions obtained using analytical results and other known finite element formulations.

In this research a new electronic based mechanism for vehicle suspension system is designd. The aims are to improve passengers’ safety and comfort. The proposed system is developed for proactive rapid reaction of suspension system which can readjust the height of chassis while confronting with wrong conditions of driving such as unflatted road, rainy or snowy road profile. The results show that the proposed mechanism can successfully increase the stability of the car by readjusting the height of the the chassis and center of the gravity of vehicle while turning.