This research aimed to know both the direct and indirect contribution of cargo loading and discharging time to the Loss and gain of coal mediated by load quantity. The process of data collecting was done through secondary data taken from the loading port of Jetty in Samarinda Port and the discharging port of Muara Berau, East Kalimantan. During 2020, there was an average loss of coal cargo of as much as 56 percent. This was caused by the long waiting discharge time during the loading and discharging. Another problem was the long waiting discharge time, as many Mother Vessels, tugboats, and barges entered the Jetty port and made a density there. The research method used path analysis with the loading-discharging unit as the source of secondary data on the determining factors of load quantity and the Loss and gain of coal cargo. This research indicated that one of the dominant factors was waiting discharge time, as a problem frequently occurred when vessels would berth in the port for discharging activities. The key finding was the necessity for the competent party to pay special attention to the factors contributing to vessels’ waiting discharge time in the port by providing services as maximally as possible through human resources improvement in the form of training.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ship worthiness and seafarers' skills on improving ship operational performance through minimum service standards. Some early indications found in the field, such as the low performance of ship maintenance by procedures, and the obstacles in implementing the ship maintenance plan due to the inefficiency of the ship's operating schedule. This study uses Path Analysis with Path Coefficients Sub Structure 1 and Sub Structure 2. The test method used for the direct effect is the regression method while the indirect effect is the Sobel test. The number of samples is 80 respondents from national shipping companies, from various types of ships, namely, crew boats, patrol boats, utility boats, supply vessels, and anchor handling towing supply. The results of the study indicate that there is a positive and significant effect of seaworthiness and seafarers' skills on increasing ship operational performance, directly or indirectly through minimum service standards. The minimum service standard variable can mediate the indirect effect of the seafarers' skill and ship worthiness variables on the operational performance of the ship. To meet the growing customer satisfaction as the consequences of tight competition, it is necessary to improve the quality of the fleet where durability, cleanliness of the fleet, and safety facilities in the fleet are expected to provide a high guarantee for safety.

This study is aimed at analyzing the effect of port service performance, occupational safety, and health, and work safety on loading and unloading productivity and its impact on service user satisfaction at Yos Sudarso Tual Port, Maluku province, in Eastern Indonesia in 2020. What was found was the limited-service performance delivered to service users, resulting in dissatisfaction. This could have implications for the less-than-optimal loading and unloading performance at Yos Sudarso Tual Port. The study uses a quantitative method, with a path analysis model, with a total of 40 samples. Research respondents are users of loading and unloading services. The findings, in general, indicate that there is an effect of port service performance, occupational safety, and health and work security on loading and unloading productivity which in turn has an impact on increasing user satisfaction of Yos Sudarso Tual Port services. The key finding is that new investments are needed which will require the ongoing capacity building and development of several port authorities who are civil servants who will oversee port planning and operations and regulate access to key port services and facilities.