How to cite this paper
Khan, S., Ahmed, A & Ahmed, K. (2021). Enhancing police integrity by exploring causes of police corruption.Management Science Letters , 11(6), 1949-1958.
Refrences
Abbas, H. (2011). Reforming Pakistan’s Police and Law Enforcement Infrastructure. http://www.usip.org/sites/de fault/files/SR266-Reforming Pakistan%E2%80%98sPoli ceandLawEnforcementInfrastructure.pdf (accessed 24 No-vember 2018).
Ahmed, R., & Ahmed, Q. M. (2012). Petty corruption in the police department: A case study of Slum Areas of Karachi. Developing Country Studies, 2(6), 78–86.
Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (2007). https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about us/publications/aus tralian-code-responsible-conduct-research-2007 (accessed 20 November 2019).
Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (2018). https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about us/publications/aus tralian-code-responsible-conduct-research-2018 (accessed 20 November 2019).
Babakhel, A. M. (2018). Police reforms. https://www.dawn. com/news/1410471/police-reforms (assessed 30 March 2019).
Bardhan, P. (1997). Corruption and development: A review of issues. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(3), 1320–1346.
Buttle, J. W., Graham Davies, S., & Meliala, A. E. (2016). A cultural constraints theory of police corruption: Understand-ing the persistence of police corruption in contemporary Indonesia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49(3), 437–454.
Chadwick, B. A., Bahr, H. M., & Albrecht, S. L. (1984). Social Science Research Methods. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Chattha, Z. N., & Ivkovic K. S. (2004). Police Misconduct: The Pakistani Paradigm. In Klockars C. B., Ivkovic S. K., and Haberfeld M. R. (eds), The Contours of Police Integrity. London: Sage Publications, pp. 175–190.
Chino, T. (2001). Report and recommendation of the president to the board of directors on proposed loans and technical assistance grant to the Islamic republic of Pakistan for the access to justice program. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Dias, C. F., & Vaughn, M. S. (2006). Bureaucracy, managerial disorganisation, and administrative breakdown in criminal justice agencies. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(5), 543–555.
Dogar, A. S. (2017). Corruption remains a systemic problem in Pakistan. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1366745/ corrup-tion-remains-systemic-problem-Pakistan/ (accessed 12 January 2019).
Fluid Survey (2013). Screening questions. http://fluidsur-veys.com/university/screening-questions/ (accessed 12 February 2020).
Fasihuddin (2013). Criminology and the Criminal Justice System in Pakistan. In Liu, J., Bill, H., and Susan, J. (eds), Handbook of Asian Criminology. New York: Springer, pp. 247–281.
Government of the Punjab (2018). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2017-18, Bureau of Statistics. http://bos. gop.pk/MultipleIndicatorClusterSurvey2017 (accessed 12 February 2020).
GoP (2017–18). Punjab Police Budget. AIG Finance, Paki-stan: Government of Punjab.
Graaf, D. G. (2007). Causes of corruption: Towards a contextual theory of corruption. Public Administration Quarterly 31(1/2), 39–86.
Kaufmann, D., & Vicente, P. C. (2011). Legal corruption. Economics & Politics, 23(2), 195–219.
Gregory, R. J. (1999). Social capital theory and administrative reform: Maintaining ethical probity in public service. Pub-lic Administration Review, 59(1), 63.
Gupta, A. (1995). Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State. Amer-ican Ethnologist, 22(2), 375–402.
Heywood, P. (1997). Political corruption: Problems and perspectives. Political Studies, 45(3), 417–658.
Hurbert, W. (2002). Core factors of police corruption across the world. In Forum on Crime and Society, 2(1), 85–99.
Jackson, J., Asif, M., Bradford, B., & Zakria Zakar, M. (2014). Corruption and police legitimacy in Lahore Pakistan. Brit-ish Journal of Criminology, 54(6), 1067–1088.
Jancsics, D. (2014). Interdisciplinary perspectives on corruption. Sociology Compass, 8(4), 358–372.
Khan, M. T., Khan, N. A., Ahmed, S., & Mehmood, K. (2012). Corruption: Causes and effects in Pakistan’s case (A review research). International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, 6, 79–91.
Kashem, M. B. (2005). The Social Organisation of Police Corruption: The Case of Bangladesh. In Sarre, R., Das, D. K., Albrecht, H. J. (eds), Policing Corruption: International Perspectives. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, pp. 237–246.
Khalid, S. U. (2016). Theory and practice of police corruption in Pakistan: Case Studies of Three Police Departments. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
Khan, M. (2006). Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries: The Limits of Conventional Economic Analysis. In Rose-Ackerman (ed) International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 216–244.
Kleinig, J. (1996). The Ethics of Policing. Cambridge University Press.
Klitgaard, R. (1988). Controlling Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Klockars, C. B. (1999). Police corruption in thirty agencies in the United States, 1997 [Computer file]. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu (accessed 24 November 2018).
Lamani, R. B., & Venumadhava, G. S. (2013). Police corruption in India. International Journal of Criminology and Socio-logical Theory, 6(4), 228–234.
Lee, H., Lim, H., Moore, D. D., & Kim, J. (2013). How police organisational structure correlates with frontline officers’ attitudes toward corruption: A multilevel model. Police Practice and Research, 14(5), 386–401.
Lyon, S. M. (2004). An Anthropological Analysis of Local Politics and Patronage in a Pakistani Village. New York: Ed-win Mellen Press.
Madichie, N. O. (2005). Corruption in Nigeria: How effective is the corruption perception index in highlighting the eco-nomic Malaise? World Review of Science Technology and Sustainable Development, 2(3/4), 320–335.
Maintenance of Police Order (MPO) (1960). West Pakistan Maintenance of Public Order Ordinance. https: //www.ma-law.org.pk (accessed 20 June 2019).
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative re-search. SDMEJ, 14(3), 1–6.
Newburn, T. (1999). Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the Literature. London: Home Of-fice.
Noon, E. J. (2018). Interpretive Phenomenological Ana-lysis: An Appropriate Methodology for Educational Research?. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(1), 75–83.
North, D. C., Wallis, J. J., & Weingast, B. R. (2009). Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpret-ing Recorded Human History. New York: Cambridge University Press.
NAB (2002). National Anti-Corruption Strategy (NACS). National Accountability Bureau, Islambad: Government of Paki-stan.
Paul. J., & Du, J. (2018), Effects of minimum wages on population health: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10. 1377/hpb20180622.107025/full/ (accessed 8 February 2020).
Olivier de Sardan, J. P. (1999). A moral economy of corruption in Africa? Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(1), 25–52.
Porter, L. E., & Warrender, C. (2009). A multivariate model of police deviance: Examining the nature of corruption, crime and misconduct. Policing and Society, 19(1), 79–99.
Punch, M. (1985). Conduct Unbecoming: The Social Construction of Police Deviance and Control. London: Tavi-stock, p. 136.
Punch, M. (2009). Police Corruption: Deviance, Accountability and Reform in Policing. Routledge.
Punch, M. (2000). Police corruption and its prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8(3), 301–324.
Quah, J. S. (2006). Preventing police corruption in Singapore: The role of recruitment, training and socialisation. Asia Pa-cific Journal of Public Administration, 28(1), 59–75.
Quah, J. S. (2010). Defying Institutional Failure: learning from the Experiences of anti-Corruption Agencies in Four Asian Countries. Crime, Law and Social Change, 53(1), 23–54.
Raza, H., Iraqi, K. M., Zaidi, S. S. Z., & Raza, A., (2015). The law and order situation and its impact on foreign direct in-vestment in Pakistan. International Journal of Management Sciences, 5(11), 736–746.
Reynolds, P. D., Fitzgerald, B. A., & Hicks, J. (2018). The expendables: A qualitative study of police officers responses to organisational injustice. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 3–29.
Rijckeghem, V. C., & Weder, B. (2001). Bureaucratic corruption and the rate of temptation: Do wages in the civil service affect corruption, and by how much?. Journal of Development Economics, 65(2), 307–331.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1996). Democracy and Grand Corruption. International Social Science Journal, 48(149), 365–380.
Roebuck, J. B., & Barker, T. (1974). A typology of police corruption. Social Problems, 21(3), 423–437.
Sadiq, E. (2014). Quest for democratic policing politics of po-lice reforms in Pakistan. http://www.rozan.org/sites/de fault/files/Quest%20for%20Democratic%20Policing%20by%20DIG%20Dr%20Ehsan%20Sadiq%20from%20Rozan %20%28final%29.pdf (accessed 14 March 2019).
Sajid (2016). Rs 852 billion corruption in public sector entities exposed. https://dailytimes.com.pk/53647/rs-852-billion-corruption-in-public-sector-entities-exposed (accessed 28 March 2019).
Sayed, T., & Bruce, D. (1998). Police corruption: Towards a working definition. African Security Review, 7(1), 3–14.
Shore, C., & Haller, D. (eds) (2005). Corruption: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.
Sherman, L. W. (1978). Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Singh, D. (2014). Corruption and clientelism in the lower levels of the Afghan police. Conflict, Security & Development 14(5), 621–650.
Singh, D. (2015). Explaining varieties of corruption in the Afghan justice sector. Journal of Intervention and State build-ing, 9(2), 231–255.
Singh, D. (2019). Understanding corruption in the lower levels of the Afghan police force. The Police Journal, 1–31. doi: 10.1177/0032258X19862014.
Sissener, T. K. (2001). Anthropological Perspectives on Corruption. Norway: Bergen.
Smith, D. J. (2010). A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tankebe, J. (2010). Public confidence in the Police: Testing the effects of public experiences of Police corruption in Gha-na. British Journal of Criminology, 50(2), 296–319.
Transparency International (TI) (2013). Corruption risks in Pakistan. https://www.transparency.org/files/content/feature/2014_CorruptionSouthAsia_factsheet_Pakistan. pdf (accessed 10 February 2019).
Transparency International (TI) (2019). Corruption per-ceptions index 2019. https://www.transparency.org/new s/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2019 (accessed 10 February 2019).
The News (2019). Only one percent Pakistanis pay taxes: FBR. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/425729-only-one-percent-pakistanis-pay-taxes-fbr (accessed 20 February 2019).
TransferWise (2017). Cost of Living in Pakistan: Your Guide. https://transferwise.com/gb/blog/cost-of-livin-g-in-pakistan (accessed 12 Feburary 2020).
Uberti, L. J. (2016). Can Institutional Reforms Reduce Corruption? Economic Theory and Patron-Client Politics in Devel-oping Countries. Development and Change, 47(2), 317–345.
UNDP (2016). Pakistan’s new poverty index reveals that 4 out of 10 Pakistanis live in multidimensional poverty. http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/press center/pressreleases/2016/06/20/pakistan-s-new-poverty-index-reveals-that-4-out-of-10-pakistanis-live-in-multidi mensional-poverty.html (accessed 14 March 2019).
Verma, A. (1999). Cultural roots of Police corruption in India. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 22(3), 264–279.
Waddington, P. A. J. (1999). Police (Canteen) sub-culture: An appreciation. British Journal of Criminology, 39(2), 287–309.
Zakiuddin, A., & Haque, W. (1998). Corruption in Bangladesh: an analytical and sociological study. https:// pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c1e4/f6eeb161bf5ace8facb607aa 53dc0cd48c3c.pdf (accessed 18 March 2019).
Ahmed, R., & Ahmed, Q. M. (2012). Petty corruption in the police department: A case study of Slum Areas of Karachi. Developing Country Studies, 2(6), 78–86.
Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (2007). https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about us/publications/aus tralian-code-responsible-conduct-research-2007 (accessed 20 November 2019).
Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (2018). https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about us/publications/aus tralian-code-responsible-conduct-research-2018 (accessed 20 November 2019).
Babakhel, A. M. (2018). Police reforms. https://www.dawn. com/news/1410471/police-reforms (assessed 30 March 2019).
Bardhan, P. (1997). Corruption and development: A review of issues. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(3), 1320–1346.
Buttle, J. W., Graham Davies, S., & Meliala, A. E. (2016). A cultural constraints theory of police corruption: Understand-ing the persistence of police corruption in contemporary Indonesia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49(3), 437–454.
Chadwick, B. A., Bahr, H. M., & Albrecht, S. L. (1984). Social Science Research Methods. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Chattha, Z. N., & Ivkovic K. S. (2004). Police Misconduct: The Pakistani Paradigm. In Klockars C. B., Ivkovic S. K., and Haberfeld M. R. (eds), The Contours of Police Integrity. London: Sage Publications, pp. 175–190.
Chino, T. (2001). Report and recommendation of the president to the board of directors on proposed loans and technical assistance grant to the Islamic republic of Pakistan for the access to justice program. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Dias, C. F., & Vaughn, M. S. (2006). Bureaucracy, managerial disorganisation, and administrative breakdown in criminal justice agencies. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(5), 543–555.
Dogar, A. S. (2017). Corruption remains a systemic problem in Pakistan. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1366745/ corrup-tion-remains-systemic-problem-Pakistan/ (accessed 12 January 2019).
Fluid Survey (2013). Screening questions. http://fluidsur-veys.com/university/screening-questions/ (accessed 12 February 2020).
Fasihuddin (2013). Criminology and the Criminal Justice System in Pakistan. In Liu, J., Bill, H., and Susan, J. (eds), Handbook of Asian Criminology. New York: Springer, pp. 247–281.
Government of the Punjab (2018). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2017-18, Bureau of Statistics. http://bos. gop.pk/MultipleIndicatorClusterSurvey2017 (accessed 12 February 2020).
GoP (2017–18). Punjab Police Budget. AIG Finance, Paki-stan: Government of Punjab.
Graaf, D. G. (2007). Causes of corruption: Towards a contextual theory of corruption. Public Administration Quarterly 31(1/2), 39–86.
Kaufmann, D., & Vicente, P. C. (2011). Legal corruption. Economics & Politics, 23(2), 195–219.
Gregory, R. J. (1999). Social capital theory and administrative reform: Maintaining ethical probity in public service. Pub-lic Administration Review, 59(1), 63.
Gupta, A. (1995). Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State. Amer-ican Ethnologist, 22(2), 375–402.
Heywood, P. (1997). Political corruption: Problems and perspectives. Political Studies, 45(3), 417–658.
Hurbert, W. (2002). Core factors of police corruption across the world. In Forum on Crime and Society, 2(1), 85–99.
Jackson, J., Asif, M., Bradford, B., & Zakria Zakar, M. (2014). Corruption and police legitimacy in Lahore Pakistan. Brit-ish Journal of Criminology, 54(6), 1067–1088.
Jancsics, D. (2014). Interdisciplinary perspectives on corruption. Sociology Compass, 8(4), 358–372.
Khan, M. T., Khan, N. A., Ahmed, S., & Mehmood, K. (2012). Corruption: Causes and effects in Pakistan’s case (A review research). International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, 6, 79–91.
Kashem, M. B. (2005). The Social Organisation of Police Corruption: The Case of Bangladesh. In Sarre, R., Das, D. K., Albrecht, H. J. (eds), Policing Corruption: International Perspectives. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, pp. 237–246.
Khalid, S. U. (2016). Theory and practice of police corruption in Pakistan: Case Studies of Three Police Departments. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
Khan, M. (2006). Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries: The Limits of Conventional Economic Analysis. In Rose-Ackerman (ed) International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 216–244.
Kleinig, J. (1996). The Ethics of Policing. Cambridge University Press.
Klitgaard, R. (1988). Controlling Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Klockars, C. B. (1999). Police corruption in thirty agencies in the United States, 1997 [Computer file]. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu (accessed 24 November 2018).
Lamani, R. B., & Venumadhava, G. S. (2013). Police corruption in India. International Journal of Criminology and Socio-logical Theory, 6(4), 228–234.
Lee, H., Lim, H., Moore, D. D., & Kim, J. (2013). How police organisational structure correlates with frontline officers’ attitudes toward corruption: A multilevel model. Police Practice and Research, 14(5), 386–401.
Lyon, S. M. (2004). An Anthropological Analysis of Local Politics and Patronage in a Pakistani Village. New York: Ed-win Mellen Press.
Madichie, N. O. (2005). Corruption in Nigeria: How effective is the corruption perception index in highlighting the eco-nomic Malaise? World Review of Science Technology and Sustainable Development, 2(3/4), 320–335.
Maintenance of Police Order (MPO) (1960). West Pakistan Maintenance of Public Order Ordinance. https: //www.ma-law.org.pk (accessed 20 June 2019).
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative re-search. SDMEJ, 14(3), 1–6.
Newburn, T. (1999). Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the Literature. London: Home Of-fice.
Noon, E. J. (2018). Interpretive Phenomenological Ana-lysis: An Appropriate Methodology for Educational Research?. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(1), 75–83.
North, D. C., Wallis, J. J., & Weingast, B. R. (2009). Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpret-ing Recorded Human History. New York: Cambridge University Press.
NAB (2002). National Anti-Corruption Strategy (NACS). National Accountability Bureau, Islambad: Government of Paki-stan.
Paul. J., & Du, J. (2018), Effects of minimum wages on population health: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10. 1377/hpb20180622.107025/full/ (accessed 8 February 2020).
Olivier de Sardan, J. P. (1999). A moral economy of corruption in Africa? Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(1), 25–52.
Porter, L. E., & Warrender, C. (2009). A multivariate model of police deviance: Examining the nature of corruption, crime and misconduct. Policing and Society, 19(1), 79–99.
Punch, M. (1985). Conduct Unbecoming: The Social Construction of Police Deviance and Control. London: Tavi-stock, p. 136.
Punch, M. (2009). Police Corruption: Deviance, Accountability and Reform in Policing. Routledge.
Punch, M. (2000). Police corruption and its prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8(3), 301–324.
Quah, J. S. (2006). Preventing police corruption in Singapore: The role of recruitment, training and socialisation. Asia Pa-cific Journal of Public Administration, 28(1), 59–75.
Quah, J. S. (2010). Defying Institutional Failure: learning from the Experiences of anti-Corruption Agencies in Four Asian Countries. Crime, Law and Social Change, 53(1), 23–54.
Raza, H., Iraqi, K. M., Zaidi, S. S. Z., & Raza, A., (2015). The law and order situation and its impact on foreign direct in-vestment in Pakistan. International Journal of Management Sciences, 5(11), 736–746.
Reynolds, P. D., Fitzgerald, B. A., & Hicks, J. (2018). The expendables: A qualitative study of police officers responses to organisational injustice. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 3–29.
Rijckeghem, V. C., & Weder, B. (2001). Bureaucratic corruption and the rate of temptation: Do wages in the civil service affect corruption, and by how much?. Journal of Development Economics, 65(2), 307–331.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1996). Democracy and Grand Corruption. International Social Science Journal, 48(149), 365–380.
Roebuck, J. B., & Barker, T. (1974). A typology of police corruption. Social Problems, 21(3), 423–437.
Sadiq, E. (2014). Quest for democratic policing politics of po-lice reforms in Pakistan. http://www.rozan.org/sites/de fault/files/Quest%20for%20Democratic%20Policing%20by%20DIG%20Dr%20Ehsan%20Sadiq%20from%20Rozan %20%28final%29.pdf (accessed 14 March 2019).
Sajid (2016). Rs 852 billion corruption in public sector entities exposed. https://dailytimes.com.pk/53647/rs-852-billion-corruption-in-public-sector-entities-exposed (accessed 28 March 2019).
Sayed, T., & Bruce, D. (1998). Police corruption: Towards a working definition. African Security Review, 7(1), 3–14.
Shore, C., & Haller, D. (eds) (2005). Corruption: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.
Sherman, L. W. (1978). Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Singh, D. (2014). Corruption and clientelism in the lower levels of the Afghan police. Conflict, Security & Development 14(5), 621–650.
Singh, D. (2015). Explaining varieties of corruption in the Afghan justice sector. Journal of Intervention and State build-ing, 9(2), 231–255.
Singh, D. (2019). Understanding corruption in the lower levels of the Afghan police force. The Police Journal, 1–31. doi: 10.1177/0032258X19862014.
Sissener, T. K. (2001). Anthropological Perspectives on Corruption. Norway: Bergen.
Smith, D. J. (2010). A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tankebe, J. (2010). Public confidence in the Police: Testing the effects of public experiences of Police corruption in Gha-na. British Journal of Criminology, 50(2), 296–319.
Transparency International (TI) (2013). Corruption risks in Pakistan. https://www.transparency.org/files/content/feature/2014_CorruptionSouthAsia_factsheet_Pakistan. pdf (accessed 10 February 2019).
Transparency International (TI) (2019). Corruption per-ceptions index 2019. https://www.transparency.org/new s/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2019 (accessed 10 February 2019).
The News (2019). Only one percent Pakistanis pay taxes: FBR. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/425729-only-one-percent-pakistanis-pay-taxes-fbr (accessed 20 February 2019).
TransferWise (2017). Cost of Living in Pakistan: Your Guide. https://transferwise.com/gb/blog/cost-of-livin-g-in-pakistan (accessed 12 Feburary 2020).
Uberti, L. J. (2016). Can Institutional Reforms Reduce Corruption? Economic Theory and Patron-Client Politics in Devel-oping Countries. Development and Change, 47(2), 317–345.
UNDP (2016). Pakistan’s new poverty index reveals that 4 out of 10 Pakistanis live in multidimensional poverty. http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/press center/pressreleases/2016/06/20/pakistan-s-new-poverty-index-reveals-that-4-out-of-10-pakistanis-live-in-multidi mensional-poverty.html (accessed 14 March 2019).
Verma, A. (1999). Cultural roots of Police corruption in India. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 22(3), 264–279.
Waddington, P. A. J. (1999). Police (Canteen) sub-culture: An appreciation. British Journal of Criminology, 39(2), 287–309.
Zakiuddin, A., & Haque, W. (1998). Corruption in Bangladesh: an analytical and sociological study. https:// pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c1e4/f6eeb161bf5ace8facb607aa 53dc0cd48c3c.pdf (accessed 18 March 2019).