How to cite this paper
Alkhalailah, A., Galdeano-Gómez, E & Sorroche-del-Rey, Y. (2024). Barriers to Internationalization: Evidence from Jordanian SMEs.Journal of Project Management, 9(4), 353-366.
Refrences
Alhawamdeh, H., Abdel Muhsen Irsheid Alafeef, M., Abdel Mohsen Al-Afeef, M., Alkhawaldeh, B. Y., Nawasra, M., Al_Rawashdeh, H. A. A., ... & Al-Eitan, G. N. (2024). The relationship between marketing capabilities and financial performance: the moderating role of customer relationship management in Jordanian SMES. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2297458. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2297458
Al-Hyari, K., Al-Weshah, G., & Alnsour, M. (2012). Barriers to internationalization in SMEs: Evidence from Jordan. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(2), 188-211. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501211211975
Alkhawaldeh, B., Alhawamdeh, H., Al-Afeef, M., Al-Smadi, A., Almarshad, M., Fraihat, B., ... & Alaa, A. (2023). The effect of financial technology on financial performance in Jordanian SMEs: The role of financial satisfaction. Un-certain Supply Chain Management, 11(3), 1019-1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2023.4.020
Al-Mahrouq, M. (2010). Success factors of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): The case of Jordan. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-16.
Alrashidi, Y. A. (2013). Exporting barriers and the internationalization of manufacturing activities by SMEs in Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Huddersfield). http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/23707/
Arteaga-Ortiz, J., & Fernández-Ortiz, R. (2010). Why don't we use the same export barrier measurement scale? An em-pirical analysis in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(3), 395-420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00300.x
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Baum, M., Schwens, C., & Kabst, R. (2013). International as opposed to domestic new venturing: The moderating role of perceived barriers to internationalization. International Small Business Journal, 31(5), 536-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611428343
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business research methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Benamraoui, F. (2023). entrepreneurial orientation innovation and entreprise performance. Cas of Algeria SMEs (Doctoral dissertation, university of tlemcen).
Bianchi, C., & Wickramasekera, R. (2016). Antecedents of SME export intensity in a Latin American market. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4368-4376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.041
Brouthers, K. D., & Nakos, G. (2004). SME entry mode choice and performance: A transaction cost perspective. Entre-preneurship Theory and Practice, 28(3), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00041.x
Cardoza, G., Fornes, G., Li, P., Xu, N., & Xu, S. (2016). China goes global: Public policies' influence on small- and me-dium-sized enterprises' international expansion. Asia Pacific Business Review, 22(2), 188-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2015.1075435
Cavusgil, S. T., & Zou, S. (1994). Marketing strategy-performance relationship: An investigation of the empirical link in export market ventures. Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252247
Chetty, S., Johanson, M., & Martín, O. M. (2014). Speed of internationalization: Conceptualization, measurement and validation. Journal of World Business, 49(4), 633-650.
Cuervo‐Cazurra, A., Mudambi, R., & Pedersen, T. (2019). Clarifying the relationships between institutions and global strategy. Global Strategy Journal, 9(2), 151-175.
Dhanaraj, C., & Beamish, P. W. (2003). A resource-based approach to the study of export performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(3), 242-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00080
Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
Dimitratos, P., & Plakoyiannaki, E. (2003). Theoretical foundations of an international entrepreneurial culture. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 187-215. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023804318244
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measure-ment error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gonzalez-Perez, M. A., Manotas, E. C., & Ciravegna, L. (2016). International SMEs from emerging markets—Insights from the Colombian textile and apparel industry. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 9-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0170-3
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. Cali-fornia Management Review, 33(3), 114-135. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166664
Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. (2000). Strategic networks. Strategic management journal, 21(3), 203-215.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hijazi, H., Al-Wahshat, H., Taha, A., Wahsheh, F., Alkaraky, S., Alkhawaldeh, B., & Ahmad, A. (2024). Exploring the link between human resource management practices and financial performance: The moderating effect of organiza-tional culture. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 12(3), 1885-1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2024.2.014
Ismaeel, B., Alkhawaldeh, B. Y., & Alafi, K. K. (2023). The role of marketing intelligence in improving the efficiency of the organization: An empirical study on jordanian hypermarkets. Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business, 13(2), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.37380/jisib.v13i2.1082
Javed, M. S., Rashid, M. A., Hussain, G., & Ali, H. Y. (2016). The moderating effect of external barriers on the relation-ship between entrepreneurial orientation and export performance: A study of Pakistani SMEs. South East Asian Journal of Management, 10(1), 1-23.
Kahiya, E. T. (2013). Export barriers and path to internationalization: A comparison of conventional enterprises and in-ternational new ventures. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-013-0102-4
Korneliussen, T., & Blasius, J. (2008). The effects of cultural distance, Free Trade Agreements, and protectionism on perceived export barriers. Journal of Global Marketing, 21(3), 217-230.
Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2004). Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. Journal of in-ternational business studies, 35, 124-141.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychologi-cal Measurement, 30, 607-610.
Leonidou, L. C. (2004). An analysis of the barriers hindering small business export development. Journal of small busi-ness management, 42(3), 279-302.
Luostarinen, R. (1994). Internationalization of Finnish firms and their response to global challenges.
McCallum, N., Thomas, D. B., Brown, M. L., & Tessore, N. (2021). Spin characterization of systematics in CMB sur-veys–a comprehensive formalism. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 501(1), 802-832.
Meyer, K. E., Estrin, S., Bhaumik, S. K., & Peng, M. W. (2009). Institutions, resources, and entry strategies in emerging economies. Strategic Management Journal, 30(1), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.720
Musteen, M., Francis, J., & Datta, D. K. (2010). The influence of international networks on internationalization speed and performance: A study of Czech SMEs. Journal of world business, 45(3), 197-205.
Narayanan, V. (2015). Export barriers for small and medium-sized enterprises: A literature review based on Leonidou’s Model. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(2), 105-123.
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill.
Ojala, A., & Tyrväinen, P. (2009). Impact of psychic distance to the internationalization behavior of knowledge‐intensive SMEs. European Business Review, 21(3), 263-277.
Ojala, A. (2009). Internationalization of knowledge-intensive SMEs: The role of network relationships in the entry to a psychically distant market. International Business Review, 18(1), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2008.10.002
Okpara, J. O., & Koumbiadis, N. J. (2009). Strategic export orientation and internationalization barriers: Evidence from SMEs in a developing economy. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 1, 1-10.
Oparaocha, G. O. (2015). SMEs and international entrepreneurship: An institutional network perspective. International Business Review, 24(5), 861-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.03.007
Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (2005). Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of interna-tionalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 537-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00097.x
Paul, J., Parthasarathy, S., & Gupta, P. (2017). Exporting challenges of SMEs: A review and future research agenda. Journal of World Business, 52(3), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.01.003
Peng, M. W. (2001). The resource-based view and international business. Journal of management, 27(6), 803-829.
Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. (2000). Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of management journal, 43(3), 486-501.
Pinho, J. C., & Martins, L. (2010). Exporting barriers: Insights from Portuguese small- and medium-sized exporters and non-exporters. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 254-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0046-x
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
Roy, A., Sekhar, C., & Vyas, V. (2016). Barriers to internationalization: A study of small and medium enterprises in In-dia. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(4), 513-538.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2016). Research methods for business students. 7th ed., Pearson Education.
Scott, A. J. (1995). The geographic foundations of industrial performance. Competition & Change, 1(1), 51-66.
Sekaran, U. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach.
Suarez-Ortega, S. (2003). Export barriers: Insights from small and medium-sized firms. International Small Business Journal, 21(4), 403-419. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426030214002
Tesfom, G., & Lutz, C. (2006). A classification of export marketing problems of small and medium sized manufacturing firms in developing countries. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 1(3), 262-281.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207
Al-Hyari, K., Al-Weshah, G., & Alnsour, M. (2012). Barriers to internationalization in SMEs: Evidence from Jordan. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(2), 188-211. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501211211975
Alkhawaldeh, B., Alhawamdeh, H., Al-Afeef, M., Al-Smadi, A., Almarshad, M., Fraihat, B., ... & Alaa, A. (2023). The effect of financial technology on financial performance in Jordanian SMEs: The role of financial satisfaction. Un-certain Supply Chain Management, 11(3), 1019-1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2023.4.020
Al-Mahrouq, M. (2010). Success factors of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): The case of Jordan. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-16.
Alrashidi, Y. A. (2013). Exporting barriers and the internationalization of manufacturing activities by SMEs in Saudi Arabia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Huddersfield). http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/23707/
Arteaga-Ortiz, J., & Fernández-Ortiz, R. (2010). Why don't we use the same export barrier measurement scale? An em-pirical analysis in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(3), 395-420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00300.x
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Baum, M., Schwens, C., & Kabst, R. (2013). International as opposed to domestic new venturing: The moderating role of perceived barriers to internationalization. International Small Business Journal, 31(5), 536-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611428343
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business research methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Benamraoui, F. (2023). entrepreneurial orientation innovation and entreprise performance. Cas of Algeria SMEs (Doctoral dissertation, university of tlemcen).
Bianchi, C., & Wickramasekera, R. (2016). Antecedents of SME export intensity in a Latin American market. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4368-4376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.041
Brouthers, K. D., & Nakos, G. (2004). SME entry mode choice and performance: A transaction cost perspective. Entre-preneurship Theory and Practice, 28(3), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00041.x
Cardoza, G., Fornes, G., Li, P., Xu, N., & Xu, S. (2016). China goes global: Public policies' influence on small- and me-dium-sized enterprises' international expansion. Asia Pacific Business Review, 22(2), 188-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2015.1075435
Cavusgil, S. T., & Zou, S. (1994). Marketing strategy-performance relationship: An investigation of the empirical link in export market ventures. Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252247
Chetty, S., Johanson, M., & Martín, O. M. (2014). Speed of internationalization: Conceptualization, measurement and validation. Journal of World Business, 49(4), 633-650.
Cuervo‐Cazurra, A., Mudambi, R., & Pedersen, T. (2019). Clarifying the relationships between institutions and global strategy. Global Strategy Journal, 9(2), 151-175.
Dhanaraj, C., & Beamish, P. W. (2003). A resource-based approach to the study of export performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(3), 242-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00080
Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
Dimitratos, P., & Plakoyiannaki, E. (2003). Theoretical foundations of an international entrepreneurial culture. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 187-215. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023804318244
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measure-ment error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gonzalez-Perez, M. A., Manotas, E. C., & Ciravegna, L. (2016). International SMEs from emerging markets—Insights from the Colombian textile and apparel industry. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 9-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-016-0170-3
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. Cali-fornia Management Review, 33(3), 114-135. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166664
Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. (2000). Strategic networks. Strategic management journal, 21(3), 203-215.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hijazi, H., Al-Wahshat, H., Taha, A., Wahsheh, F., Alkaraky, S., Alkhawaldeh, B., & Ahmad, A. (2024). Exploring the link between human resource management practices and financial performance: The moderating effect of organiza-tional culture. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 12(3), 1885-1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2024.2.014
Ismaeel, B., Alkhawaldeh, B. Y., & Alafi, K. K. (2023). The role of marketing intelligence in improving the efficiency of the organization: An empirical study on jordanian hypermarkets. Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business, 13(2), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.37380/jisib.v13i2.1082
Javed, M. S., Rashid, M. A., Hussain, G., & Ali, H. Y. (2016). The moderating effect of external barriers on the relation-ship between entrepreneurial orientation and export performance: A study of Pakistani SMEs. South East Asian Journal of Management, 10(1), 1-23.
Kahiya, E. T. (2013). Export barriers and path to internationalization: A comparison of conventional enterprises and in-ternational new ventures. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-013-0102-4
Korneliussen, T., & Blasius, J. (2008). The effects of cultural distance, Free Trade Agreements, and protectionism on perceived export barriers. Journal of Global Marketing, 21(3), 217-230.
Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2004). Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. Journal of in-ternational business studies, 35, 124-141.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychologi-cal Measurement, 30, 607-610.
Leonidou, L. C. (2004). An analysis of the barriers hindering small business export development. Journal of small busi-ness management, 42(3), 279-302.
Luostarinen, R. (1994). Internationalization of Finnish firms and their response to global challenges.
McCallum, N., Thomas, D. B., Brown, M. L., & Tessore, N. (2021). Spin characterization of systematics in CMB sur-veys–a comprehensive formalism. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 501(1), 802-832.
Meyer, K. E., Estrin, S., Bhaumik, S. K., & Peng, M. W. (2009). Institutions, resources, and entry strategies in emerging economies. Strategic Management Journal, 30(1), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.720
Musteen, M., Francis, J., & Datta, D. K. (2010). The influence of international networks on internationalization speed and performance: A study of Czech SMEs. Journal of world business, 45(3), 197-205.
Narayanan, V. (2015). Export barriers for small and medium-sized enterprises: A literature review based on Leonidou’s Model. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(2), 105-123.
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill.
Ojala, A., & Tyrväinen, P. (2009). Impact of psychic distance to the internationalization behavior of knowledge‐intensive SMEs. European Business Review, 21(3), 263-277.
Ojala, A. (2009). Internationalization of knowledge-intensive SMEs: The role of network relationships in the entry to a psychically distant market. International Business Review, 18(1), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2008.10.002
Okpara, J. O., & Koumbiadis, N. J. (2009). Strategic export orientation and internationalization barriers: Evidence from SMEs in a developing economy. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 1, 1-10.
Oparaocha, G. O. (2015). SMEs and international entrepreneurship: An institutional network perspective. International Business Review, 24(5), 861-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.03.007
Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (2005). Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of interna-tionalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 537-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00097.x
Paul, J., Parthasarathy, S., & Gupta, P. (2017). Exporting challenges of SMEs: A review and future research agenda. Journal of World Business, 52(3), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.01.003
Peng, M. W. (2001). The resource-based view and international business. Journal of management, 27(6), 803-829.
Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. (2000). Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of management journal, 43(3), 486-501.
Pinho, J. C., & Martins, L. (2010). Exporting barriers: Insights from Portuguese small- and medium-sized exporters and non-exporters. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 254-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0046-x
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
Roy, A., Sekhar, C., & Vyas, V. (2016). Barriers to internationalization: A study of small and medium enterprises in In-dia. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(4), 513-538.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2016). Research methods for business students. 7th ed., Pearson Education.
Scott, A. J. (1995). The geographic foundations of industrial performance. Competition & Change, 1(1), 51-66.
Sekaran, U. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach.
Suarez-Ortega, S. (2003). Export barriers: Insights from small and medium-sized firms. International Small Business Journal, 21(4), 403-419. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426030214002
Tesfom, G., & Lutz, C. (2006). A classification of export marketing problems of small and medium sized manufacturing firms in developing countries. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 1(3), 262-281.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207