Human resources in the medical sector play a very important role in public service activities to per-form tasks as prescribed by law to serve the interests of the people and society. In this way, the service of medical doctors also has a direct effect on the public services and healthcare services of Vietnam. This research analyzes factors affecting doctors’ satisfaction and loyalty from a survey of 228 doctors working in public hospitals in Vietnam. The study was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative tools to examine the hypotheses of the survey. Cronbach’s Alpha analysis, Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were employed to test the relationship among the factors in the research model. The results indicated that the influential factors on the satisfaction of a doctor’s job include the following, listed in diminishing importance order: (1) Income, (2) Relationship with colleagues, (3) Quality of medical examination and treatment, (4) Hospital resources, (5) Autonomy at work, (6) Training and promotion opportunities. Besides, when doctors are satisfied with their job, they tend to be loyal to the organization. The study proposes several policy implications for medical sector managers to increase the doctors’ satisfaction and loyalty in public health services.